Theremin

Invented in 1919 by Russian Lev Sergeivitch Termen (also known as Léon Théremin), the thereminvox, or theremin, was the first electronic musical instrument.

The Thereminvox or Theremin was the first electronic musical instrument. Invented in 1919 by Russian Lev Sergeivitch Termen (later anglicized to Léon Théremin), the Thereminvox was an offshoot of government-sponsored research into proximity sensors. Consisting of a box with two radio antennae, the Theremin was unique in that it required no physical contact in order to produce music; instead, a performer could control both the pitch and volume of the sound simply by moving his or her hands in the air.

Based on the principle of heterodyning oscillators, the Thereminvox generates an audio signal by combining two different, but very high frequency radio signals. The capacitance of the human body close to the antennas causes pitch changes in the audio signal, in much the same way that a person moving about a room can affect television reception. By changing the position of the hands with regard to one antenna, a performer can control the pitch of the output signal. Similarly, the amplitude of the signal can be affected by altering the hand’s proximity to the other antenna. A careful combination of movements can lead to surprisingly complex performances.

Leon Theremin’s invention of the Thereminvox was followed closely by the outbreak of civil war in Russia. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin found his way to America, where he patented his invention in 1929. Subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA.

The Theremin is not an easy instrument to play. It requires performers to remain absolutely still lest their body movements alter the pitch of the instrument, and maintaining pitch based on audio feedback alone proves difficult as well. Theremin’s search for a virtuoso was answered by another Russian expatriate, Clara Reisenberg Rockmore (1911-1998), a talented violinist who saw great promise in Theremin’s invention, particularly since her career as a violinist was cut short due to problems with her bowing arm. Rockmore came to be known as the definitive master of the Theremin, her precise fingering technique and her perfect pitch giving her extraordinary control over the difficult instrument. Other theremin players include Lucy Bigelow Rosen (1890-1968). Most of the strange-sounding theremin music in older science fiction movies was performed by Dr. Samuel J. Hoffman (1903-1967).

Although the RCA Thereminvox was not a commercial success, it fascinated audiences in America and abroad. Theremin continued his inventing, creating larger devices such as the Terpsitone, a platform-sized model intended to merge musical performance and dance.

The Theremin has enjoyed a renaissance from the 1950s to the present, being featured in films such as The Day the Earth Stood Still, Plan 9 From Outer Space, and popular music by The Bee Gees, Led Zeppelin, and (more recently), Portishead and The Flaming Lips. Léon Théremin died in 1993, having seen his invention become popular all over the world. A distant relative of Theremin’s, Lydia Kavina is today regarded as one of the masters of the instrument.

Although there are very few original RCA Theremins available, modern Theremins can be built from kits or blueprints, and even sport new features such as optical amplitude controls and MIDI converters.

Another electronic musical instrument, the Electro-Theremin, was used by The Beach Boys on Good Vibrations and other tracks. This device, which is operated by mechanical controls, produces a musical tone similar in its timbre and portamento to that of the Theremin.

[This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article: Theremin.]